用样本估计总体

2020年4月16日 21:28 by wst

数学知识

用样本估计总体

结合自身的工作经历,然后再回过头来看高中课本,又是一番感想。

书中有些内容写的特别好。下面所列方法中的文字,均为课本原文。

场景一:拿一堆数字给领导看,怎么理解其中的含义呢?

方法:通过图、表、计算来分析数据,帮助我们找出其中的规律,使数据所包含的信息转化成直观的容易理解的形式。

附加说明:作图可以达到两个目的,一是从数据中提取信息,二是利用图形传递信息。

图形有 “好” 与 “坏” 之分,如复杂的思想能够在图中清晰、准确、有效地表达出来,那么就是一副好图。

 

场景二:有很多数据,怎么知道总体的分布?由于数据量很大,无法进行一一统计。

方法:用样本的频率分布估计总体分布

附加说明:书中给出怎么做频率分布直方图,具体步骤为:1.求极差, 2.决定组距与组数,3.将数据分组,4.列频率分布表,5.画频率分布直方图。

从书中,我们还了解到了 频率分布折线图、总体密度曲线、茎叶图。

场景三:用一个数字去反应总体的数字特征,在不同的场景应该用什么数字?

问题:

(1)怎样将各个样本数据汇总成一个数值,并使它成为样本数据的“中心点”?

(2)能否用一个数值来描写样本数据的离散程度?

方法一:众数--样本中出现最多的那个值;

方法二:中位数--在样本中有50%的个体小于或等于中位数,也有50%的个体大于或等于中位数。

方法三:平均数--平均数可以反映出更多的关于样本数据全体的信息。

方法四:标准差/方差--表明样本数据的分散程度。

 


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