python手动计算信息增益

2019年5月23日 17:49 by wst

算法实践

概念阐述

对于决策树, 以前看了很多遍, 但是总感觉摸不着它.

里面有个很重要的概念: 信息增益. 

今天就来手动实现下, 实现之前先说下它的概念(这个定义里好多名词都有经验二字,是因为都是根据样本得到的).

特征 A 对训练数据集D的信息增益 g(D,A) 定义为: 集合D的经验熵 H(D) 与特征A给定条件下D 的经验条件熵 H(D|A) 之差, 即:

                g(D,A) = H(D) - H(D|A)

通俗的说就是:  在一个条件给定情况下,信息不确定性减少的程度!

在决策树生成过程中,每次选择信息增益最大的那个特征作为节点.

举例说明

以买瓜为例, 夏天到了, 大家都比较爱吃西瓜, 但是怎么样才能买个好瓜呢? 要不然回家媳妇(女朋友)该说了, 你什么情况? 买个西瓜都买不好. 为了避免挨说, 还是得学好决策树, 搞清楚信息增益是怎么回事.

数据如下: (下载方式: 链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1Gr1TLaVwuwi9lO6BcdjoAQ 提取码: wr9j )

编号 色泽 根蒂 敲声 纹理 脐部 触感 好瓜
1 青绿 蜷缩 浊响 清晰 凹陷 硬滑
2 乌黑 蜷缩 沉闷 清晰 凹陷 硬滑
3 乌黑 蜷缩 浊响 清晰 凹陷 硬滑
4 青绿 蜷缩 沉闷 清晰 凹陷 硬滑
5 浅白 蜷缩 浊响 清晰 凹陷 硬滑
6 青绿 稍蜷 浊响 清晰 稍凹 软粘
7 乌黑 稍蜷 浊响 稍糊 稍凹 软粘
8 乌黑 稍蜷 浊响 清晰 稍凹 硬滑
9 乌黑 稍蜷 沉闷 稍糊 稍凹 硬滑
10 青绿 硬挺 清脆 清晰 平坦 软粘
11 浅白 硬挺 清脆 模糊 平坦 硬滑
12 浅白 蜷缩 浊响 模糊 平坦 软粘
13 青绿 稍蜷 浊响 稍糊 凹陷 硬滑
14 浅白 稍蜷 沉闷 稍糊 凹陷 硬滑
15 乌黑 稍蜷 浊响 清晰 稍凹 软粘
16 浅白 蜷缩 浊响 模糊 平坦 硬滑
17 青绿 蜷缩 沉闷 稍糊 稍凹 硬滑

假设我们已经构建好了决策树,现在买了一个西瓜,它的特点是纹理是清晰,根蒂是硬挺的瓜,你来给我判断一下是好瓜还是坏瓜,恰好,你构建了一颗决策树,告诉他,没问题,我马上告诉你是好瓜,还是坏瓜?

根据决策树的算法步骤,我们可以得到下面的图示过程:

 

到达叶子结点后,从而得到结论。我这个瓜的判断是坏瓜(要挨说了)。

 

这里我们重点来说一下,在树每一层的生长过程中,如何选择特征!每一层选择好了特征之后,树也就自然建好了

第一个节点(每个节点都是如此)该怎么选呢?  根据我们的结论: 选择信息增益最大的那个特征作.

根节点下正例(好瓜)占 8/17,反例占 9/17 ,根结点的信息熵为

现在可选的特征有:{色泽,根蒂,敲声,纹理,脐部,触感}, 我们分别计算他们的信息增益:

色泽特征有3个可能的取值:{青绿,乌黑,浅白}

D1(色泽=青绿) = {1, 4, 6, 10, 13, 17},正例 3/6,反例 3/6 -- 6,3,3

D2(色泽=乌黑) = {2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15},正例 4/6,反例 2/6 -- 6,4,2

D3(色泽=浅白) = {5, 11, 12, 14, 16},正例 1/5,反例 4/5 -- 5,1,4

3 个分支结点的信息熵

 

那么我们可以知道属性色泽的信息增益是:

同理,我们可以求出其它属性的信息增益,分别如下:

根据后文的代码,计算过程为(里面的数字,通过excel筛选即可得到):

# 色泽
In [21]: h(8,9,[[6,3,3],[6,4,2],[5,1,4]])
Out[21]: 0.10812516526536531
# 根蒂
In [22]: h(8,9,[[8,5,3],[7,3,4],[2,0,2]])
Out[22]: 0.14267495956679288
# 敲声
In [23]: h(8,9,[[5,2,3],[2,0,2],[10,6,4]])
Out[23]: 0.14078143361499584
# 纹理
In [24]: h(8,9,[[3,0,3],[9,7,2],[5,1,4]])
Out[24]: 0.3805918973682686
# 脐部
In [25]: h(8,9,[[7,5,2],[4,0,4],[6,3,3]])
Out[25]: 0.28915878284167895
# 触感
In [26]: h(8,9,[[5,2,3],[12,6,6]])
Out[26]: 0.006046489176565584

于是我们找到了信息增益最大的属性纹理,它的Gain(D,纹理) = 0.381最大。
于是我们选择的划分属性为“纹理”
如下:

于是,我们可以得到了三个子结点,对于这三个子节点,我们可以递归的使用刚刚找信息增益最大的方法进行选择特征属性,
比如:D1(纹理=清晰) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15},下次可选的属性集合{色泽、根蒂、敲声、脐部、触感},基于 D1各属性的信息增益,分别求得如下:

手动编码计算:

In [1]: import pandas as pd

In [2]: import numpy as np

In [3]: import math

In [14]: def lg(v):
    ...:     if v==0:
    ...:         return 0
    ...:     return -v*math.log(v,2)
    ...: 
    ...: 

In [15]: def h(f_1, f_0, matrix):
    ...:     a = f_1+f_0
    ...:     d = lg(f_1/a) + lg(f_0/a)
    ...:     m = 0
    ...:     for lis in matrix:
    ...:         m += lis[0]/a * (lg(lis[1]/lis[0]) + lg(lis[2]/lis[0]))
    ...:     return d-m
    ...: 
    ...:     

In [16]: h(7,2,[[4,3,1],[4,3,1],[1,1,0]])
Out[16]: 0.04306839587828004

In [17]: h(7,2,[[5,5,0],[3,2,1],[1,0,1]])
Out[17]: 0.45810589515712374

In [18]: h(7,2,[[2,2,0],[1,0,1],[6,5,1]])
Out[18]: 0.33085622540971754

In [19]: h(7,2,[[5,5,0],[1,0,1],[3,2,1]])
Out[19]: 0.45810589515712374

In [20]: h(7,2,[[3,1,2],[6,6,0]])
Out[20]: 0.45810589515712374

代码说明:

f_1 -- 好瓜个数, f_0 -- 坏瓜个数, matrix -- 里面有多行, 每一行代表一个属性值的情况: 此属性值个数、此属性值下好瓜的个数、此属性值下坏瓜的个数。

比如色泽属性,在纹理清晰的情况下,有7个好瓜,2个坏瓜。同时:

色泽青绿的有4个,这4个中有3个好瓜、1个坏瓜;

色泽乌黑的有4个,这4个中有3个好瓜、1个坏瓜;

色泽浅白的有1个,这1个是好瓜;

此时matrix为:

[ [4, 3, 1],

[4, 3, 1],

[1, 1, 0]]

函数调用方式为:h(7,2,[[4,3,1],[4,3,1],[1,1,0]]), 值为0.043

同理,可以算出来根蒂的信息增益为:0.458;敲声:0.331,脐部:0.458,触感:0.458 

 

于是我们可以选择特征属性为根蒂,脐部,触感三个特征属性中任选一个(因为他们三个相等并最大),其它俩个子结点同理,然后得到新一层的结点,再递归的由信息增益进行构建树即可
我们最终的决策树如下:

 

参考:

作者:忆臻

链接:https://www.zhihu.com/question/22104055/answer/161415527

来源:知乎

著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。


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