给实例动态添加方法

2022年5月21日 17:03 by wst

python高级

今天在研究加密/解密算法的时候,看他们的源码,发现一个新的函数:types.MethodType()

据说它可以给实例动态添加方法,有点超出我的知识范围。因为给实例添加属性我是知道的,但是添加方法真是头一回听说,下面我们一探究竟:

核心演示

这里定义了一个方法fn_get_grade,有个参数self。从函数体知道:self有个成员变量score. 然后对这个成员变量进行判断,得到分数对应的级别。

现在想一个问题:fn_get_grade这个函数能否添加到Person实例化的对象上呢?

import types
def fn_get_grade(self):
    if self.score >= 80:
        return 'A'
    if self.score >= 60:
        return 'B'
    return 'C'

class Person(object):
    def __init__(self, name, score):
        self.name = name
        self.score = score

让我们继续往下看:

if __name__ == '__main__':
    p1 = Person("Bob", 90)
    p1.get_grade = types.MethodType(fn_get_grade, p1)
    print(p1.get_grade())

运行上面的代码输出: A

说明p1实例获得了方法get_grade。

延伸:

1.有人会问,为啥还要赋值呢?types.MethodType(fn_get_grade, p1) 这样不能直接给添加一个fn_get_grade方法吗?

2.用python的魔法函数可以吗?比如:setattr(p1, "get_grade", types.MethodType(fn_get_grade, p1))

答:1.不能;2.可以的

附加知识

函数和方法的区别

函数是封装了一些独立的功能,可以直接调用,能将一些数据(参数)传递进去进行处理,然后返回一些数据(返回值),也可以没有返回值。可以直接在模块中进行定义使用。

方法和函数类似,同样封装了独立的功能,但是方法是只能依靠类或者对象来调用的,表示针对性的操作。


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